The Beginning of the Rwandan Genocide - 758 Words

The first know people to live in the region near Rwanda were the Twa, other wise know as Pygmies. However, between 700 and 1000 BC, Hutu people from the Congo River basin migrated to the area. Although the Hutu had been well functioning since their arrival, in the 15th century, the Tutsi tribe arrived from Northern Africa. The Tutsi were more powerful and conquered the Hutu, creating an intricate feudal system. The Tutsi became the ruling, landowning class and the Hutu became peasants and surfs, while any remaining Twa were the lowest in the social pyramid. Through the end of the 19th century, the region consisting much of modern-day Rwanda was ruled by a single Tutsi king– the mwami. Similar to the Medieval feudal system, the King controlled other Tusti lords and vassals, who then controlled the Hutu working class. By the middle of the 19th century, the kingdom was at its pinnacle, financially well and equipped with a modernly armed military, thanks to trade with eastern Afri cans. In the mid-1800s european settlers began to appear in the 1880s German explorers and colonizers arrived. With German colonization becoming a threat, the mwami finally agreed to German protectorate rule without contest or opposition, knowing he would face defeat if he did. As of 1890, the former Tutsi controlled region was now officially part of German East Africa. However, it wasn’t until the early 20th century in 1907 that German administration actually began to take affect in the area. A fewShow MoreRelatedThe Genocide And The Holocaust Of Night By Elie Wiesel1458 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocities as a genocide. Man will never learn from past mistakes or all of a sudden stop mass killings or genocides. Humans have always killed and they will continue to do it. Humans will not all of a sudden be pacifists and stop killing. This has happened with the Rwandan genocide and with the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel. Man will not stop committing such atrocities and have a brighter future and these are only a few reasons why. First of all, man has been killing since the beginning of time. EvenRead MoreIn Her Article, â€Å"How Not To Talk About African Fiction:1516 Words   |  7 Pagessocial ills, cultural themes, and political concerns† (par. 4). Although it highlights the social ill of the Rwandan Genocide, Boris Boubacar Diop’s novel, Murambi: The Book of Bones (2000), attracts audiences due to having a fictional storyline while simultaneously discussing the realistic events and experiences of the Rwandan genocide. Within the novel, Diop writes about the Rwandan Genocide, spending a particular amount of time on the massacre that took place at the Murambi technical school. ToRead MoreInternational Community Is Culpable For The Rwandan Genocide1376 Words   |  6 PagesApril to June 1994, in a mere 100 days, approximately 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered during the Rwandan genocide (Destexhe, 1994). The international community failed to prevent or stop this slaughter. Considering the horrific nature of this genocide and the vast number of victims, there is a question whether the international community is culpable for the Rwandan genocide; specifically, the role of its key players, the US, the UN, France and Belgium. I will argue that the internationalRead MoreInformative Speech on Rwandan Genocide Outline1300 Words   |  6 PagesBen Johnson Intro to Comm. 1320-04 11/8/12 Rwandan Genocide General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To share with the class that the Rwandan Genocide was a brutal genocide that most people know little about. Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Attention Getter:Read MoreThe Terrible Acts of Rwandan Genocide1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn between 1930 and 1945, an event took place that changed the world in many ways. The Holocaust was a genocide that consisted of the decimation of one single race, the Jews. This solemn event is very similar (and also quite different) to another event that took place only four thousand miles away. Like the Holocaust, this event is was a genocide and it took place at Rwanda in 1994. This genocide was between the Hutus and Tutsis. These two groups have a long background with each other that consistedRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the TwaRead MoreRwand The Rwandan Genocide1296 Words   |  6 Pages The Rwandan genocide was the killing of 800,000 people in just 100 days. The Rwandan genocide took place in 1994. During this time Rwanda was a small country with a mostly agricultural economy. Although it is small it had one of the largest populations. In 1994 Rwanda was made up of three different ethnic groups. The Hutu made of 85% of the Rwandan population. The Tutsiâ₠¬â„¢s made of 14% of the population and was the minority. The Twa was a small Pygmy group that made up 1% of the population (unitedhumanrightsRead MoreChristianity and Genocide in Rwanda800 Words   |  4 Pagesand Genocide in Rwanda by Timothy Longman discusses the roles of the churches in Rwanda and how their influence might have been able to alter the outcome of the genocide. He discusses the rise of Juvenal Habyarimana in politics with his Catholic background, church and state relations, and obedience to political authority. His slogan â€Å"Peace, Unity, and Development† were his political plans for Rwanda. On April 6, 1994, president Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane was shot down marking the beginning of theRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1188 Words   |  5 PagesRwandan Genocide The Rwandan Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and lasted for about 100 days (History). The two groups involved, the Hutus and Tutsis, were in a massive conflict after their president was killed. The Hutus brutally killed about 800,000 Tutsis and supporters. This tragic genocide was not stopped by other countries during its peak, leaving the world wondering why. As we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, it is important to be informed about the tragedy. The wayRead MoreRe Writing History And Rwandan Identity Through The Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesRe-writing History and Rwandan Identity Through the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre In April 2004, the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre opened to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide. Peacefully overlooking the city of Kigali, the Centre seeks to be a place of remembrance and honor for survivors as well as a step towards creating Rwanda’s post-genocide identity. Rwanda has sought to find its place politically, socially, and in memory through this westernized approach to remembrance

My Legacy Leader Is Cw3 Roach - 921 Words

My legacy leader is CW3 Roach, John T. I chose him because he had a professional impact on me as well as the entire 4th Infantry Division G2 Analysis and Control Element (ACE) (1). He inspired me to be a proficient analyst, mentor, and overall an adept senior Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) within the Army. I aspire to leave behind a legacy similar to his; to motivate, develop, and mentor Soldiers to be proficient and competent intelligence analysts. I served in the Air Force Security Forces career field from October 1999 through March 2005. I transitioned to the Army with the rank of Sergeant in September of 2006 in the Blue to Green Program. The only training I had completed in the Army was the Warrior Transition Course and Advanced Individual Training for intelligence analyst (35F). I had attained little, to no basic Army knowledge, competence, or experience in any aspect as a Soldier or intelligence analyst. I was lucky enough to serve as NCOIC of an S2 shop for my first assignment. I was able to utilize my experience within the Air Force Security Forces to execute my duties as Personal Security NCO and Physical Security NCO competently. I was successful and promoted to SSG on 01 October, 2007, the one and only promotion board that I have attended. I was selected based on the success of my battalion’s Physical Security Inspections to be the brigade Physical Security NCO. I served in this position admirably until I received orders to the 4th Infantry G2 ACE,

Sociology Definitions Free Essays

Culture: All that human beings learn to do, to use, to produce, to know, and to believe as they grow to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups to which they belong. Culture Shock: The reaction people may have when encountering cultural traditions different from their own. Culture Universal: Forms or patterns for resolving the common, basic, human problems that are found in all cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Definitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture universals include the division of labor, the incest taboo, marriage, the family, rites of passage, and ideology. Material Culture: All the things human beings make and use, from small handheld tools to skyscrapers. Non-Material Culture: The totality of knowledge, beliefs, values, and rules for appropriate behavior that specifies how people should interact and how people may solve their problems. Norms: Specific rules of behavior that are agreed upon and shared within a culture to prescribe limits of acceptable behavior. Mores: Strongly held norms that usually have a moral connotation and are based on the central values of the culture. Folkways: Norms that permit a rather wide degree of individual interpretation as long as certain limits are not overstepped. Folkways change with time and vary from culture to culture. Ideal Norms: Expectations of what people should do under perfect conditions. The norm that marriage will last â€Å"until death do us part† is an ideal norm in American society. Real Norms: Norms that allow for differences in individual behavior. Real norms specify how people actually behave, not how they should behave under ideal circumstances. Value: A culture’s general orientations toward life; its notion of what is good and bad, what is desirable and undesirable. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A hypothesis that argues that the language a person uses determines his or her perception of reality. Cultural Lag: A situation that develops when new patterns of behavior conflict with traditional values. Cultural lag can occur when technological change (material change) is more rapid than are changes in norms and values (nonmaterial cultural). Subculture: The distinctive lifestyles, values, norms, and beliefs of certain segments of the population within a society. Types of subcultures are religious, age, regional, deviant, occupational. Rites of Passage: Standardized rituals that mark the transition from one stage of life to another. Ways that Culture is transmitted- Mechanism of Cultural Change-Diffusion: The movement of cultural traits from one culture to another. Reformulation: A trait is modified in some way so that it fits better in its new context. Innovation: Any practice or tool that becomes widely accepted in a society. Selectivity: A process that defines some aspects of the world as important and others as unimportant. Selectivity is reflected in the vocabulary and grammar of language. Taboo: A sacred prohibition against touching, mentioning, of looking at certain objects, acts, or people. Symbol: Objects that represents other things. Unlike signs, symbols need not share ant of the qualities of whatever they represent. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to judge other cultures in terms of one’s own customs and values. Cultural Relativism: The positions that social scientists doing cross-cultural research should view and analyze behaviors and customs within the cultural context in which they occur. Ideology: A set or interrelated religious or secular beliefs, values, and norms justifying the pursuit of a given set of goals through a given set of means. How to cite Sociology Definitions, Papers

Subsidiary legislation free essay sample

Definition of Subsidiary legislation in section 2 of the Interpretation Act 1948 and 1967 to mean, any proclamation rule, regulation, order, notification, by-law or other instrument made under any Ordinance, Enactment or other lawful authority and having legislative effect. This category of law has become important as the business of government to gets more complicated. Subsidiary Legislations are made by the people or bodies who are authorized by the legislatures. The Interpretation Act 1967 defines subsidiary legislation as rules, regulations, by laws, order, notifications made under legislations. The Legislatures provide basic law, so subsidiary legislation is very important is insufficient to govern day-to-day matters. That is why the authority is delegated to delegate their legislative powers. In Article 150 of Federal Constitution, â€Å"Parliament can pass the power to legislate any subsidiary legislation during emergency, even if there are any contradictions with the Federal Constitutions involved†. The people or bodies who are authorized by the legislatures are the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is the nominal head of the executive and the Prime Minister and cabinet is the real executive. The Cabinet is answerable to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the nominal head of the executive in the country. However, according to the democratic ruling system, the Chief Executive is the Prime Minister. This does not mean that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is unable to voice any opinion, but rather that he must act on government advice, whatever his personal view might be. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints a Cabinet to advise him on countrys matter. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and a number of Ministers who must all be members of Parliament. Besides that, the Government has set up various agencies to ensure the smooth enforcement of the law. It comprised of three main components, namely ministries, departments and statutory bodies. Delegations power to legislate is normally confined to matter of detail as the legislature has neither the time nor the technical knowledge to enact laws on every detail. One of the important advantages of subsidiary legislation is its flexibility in circumstances which demand this flexibility such as currency control, import duties, and so forth. In such situation it may be easily rescinded by the Minister if it becomes impractical or outdated. This power, originally conferred by section 23 of the interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance 1948, is now found in the Eleventh Schedule of the Federal Constitution. It  states, †where an Ordinance or Enactment confers power on any authority to make subsidiary legislation, such subsidiary legislation may at any time be amended, varied, rescinded or revoked by the same authority and it the same manner by and in which it was made†.(Hamid bin Ibrahim and Nasser bin Hamid, 9th February 1984 (federal Constitution), Malaysia Law Publishers Sdn Bhd). In other hands, an Act of Parliament or the State Assembly can only be amended or repealed by another Act of the same legislature, unless it has expressly authorized otherwise. Furthermore, a legislature is not in convened for emergency or special sessions.Courts also review the validity of subsidiary legislation by applying the doctrine of ultra vires. By this doctrine, any subsidiary legislation might be declared void if it is made in excess of statutory authority conferred by the parent Act, or a particular mandatory procedure prescribed by the parent Acts has not been followed or it is contrary to the Federal Constitution or State Constitution. Normally if a regulation or a by-law is made within the powers conferred and in accordance with the prescribed procedure, it is as much law as the parent Act itself. Nonetheless, there is a major difference between subsidiary legislation and an Act of a legislature. Advantage The advantage of subsidiary legislation becomes apparent in the event of a sudden emergency caused by political, economic or natural calamities when quick measures are required to meet the contingency. Subsidiary legislation can be passed very speedily as it does not have to undergo the various stages of procedure which has to be followed by Parliament or the State Legislative Assemblies. Similarly, if the need arise, subsidiary legislation can be just as speedily rescinded to meet the changing needs of society. Parliament does not have sufficient time to deal with detailed rules necessary to implement to law. Subsidiary legislation fulfils this need. Some matters require the special skills and knowledge of experts in that area. Parliament itself may not have sufficient experts for this purpose. Thus, subsidiary legislation fulfils this need as well. Criticism, however has been leveled against subsidiary legislation especially in the United Kingdom which has a long tradition of elected governments. The criticism is primarily focused on the ground that too much legislative power is placed in the hands of non-elected and faceless civil servants who are  not directly accountable to either Parliament or other people. This contention is not without merits because there is certainly an undermining effect on an elective system particularly if power to legislate is given too freely on matters of policy, which should remain, as far as possible, within the exclusive jurisdiction of an elected body. Over delegation may amount to an abdication by the legislature of its proper constitutional role in favour of the executive, and in Malaysia, where government has always had an overwhelming majority in Parliament, the legislature is reduced to a virtual â€Å"rubber stamp†. Where delegation is necessary, there should always be adequate control over it. CONTROL OF SUB LEGISLATION There is a control of the subsidiary legislation which is consultation, publicity and parliament control. The elaborate on control of the subsidiary legislation are combining of both of way to control and reason the control of subsidiary legislation are applying. Commonly, it give a touch of delegation in parent Act in Parliament and State Assembly to formulated an Act for a country for used in public. Consultation is a one of the control of the subsidiary legislation. The prior consultation with organized interest groups and advisory bodies is sometimes conducted before regulations are made. In the United Kingdom, this practice is well established and it is the rules rather than the exception, although such consultation in most cases is informal in nature. It without giving people who will be affected an opportunity to discuss the proposal because a Minister would be unwise make regulation. Specific parent Acts may also make consultation mandatory before regulations are made so that failure to comply may render the regulations void as being procedurally ultra vires. Secondly is a publicity which is since ignorance of the law is, in general, no excuse for breaking it, rules or regulations are readily made available to the public as soon as they come into force. In Malaysia, it is the general practice that subsidiary legislation be published in the Gazette and will come into force on the date of publication or on such other date as may be specified. If a subsidiary legislation is not gazetted as required, it may be treated as invalid. In the United Kingdom, section 3(2) of the Statutory Instruments Act 1946 provides that it shall be a defence to  criminal proceedings for violation of an instrument if it can be proved that such instrument has not been issued at the date of violation. There appears to be no equivalent statute in Malaysia although the principal is probably applicable. However, the proviso to section 20 of the Interpretation Act 1948 and 1967 on the retrospective effect of subsidiary legislation does state that â€Å"no person shall be made or become liable to any penalty in respect of any act done before the date on which the subsidiary legislation was published. There is no general law requiring antecedent publicity although that would indeed be a desirable step in the direction of a more open and transparent government. In the United States, section 553 of the Administrative Procedure Act 1946 requires that general notice of the terms or substance of proposed rules be published in the Federal Register, thus providing interested persons an opportunity to make representations. In Malaysia, it is perhaps fairly accurate to state that the vast majority of subsidiary legislation is made without mush antecedent publicity and they go largely unnoticed for a host of reasons including general ignorance and inability to comprehend legal language. However, the practice of delegating power to another body to make subsidiary legislation may lead to abuse; therefore, there is a need for control such as Parliament control. The legislature which grants the delegated powers via parent Act may repeal or revoke the delegated legislation. The parent Act may require legislation made under it to be laid before the legislature. As an example, section 83 (3) of Trade Mark Act 1976 requires subsidiary legislation made to be laid before both Dewan. There must be a laying procedure for confirmation by the legislature before the delegated legislation has any legislative effect. Another possible method to control as practiced in England is to establish Scrutiny Committees which keep under review all delegated legislation and report their findings to Parliament. However, so far, Malaysian Parliament has not developed such method. The parent Act which authorizes the making of subsidiary legislation is enacted by the legislation. Therefore, in the theory, the legislation can always exercise control over the delegate by repealing the provision or the Act itself. In practice, such control is seldom exercised because parliamentary time is limited and if an attempt is made by the opposition to  repeal a parent act, the government will use its parliamentary majority to quash it. Other general procedures to scrutinize subsidiary legislation are available but most of them are quite ineffective. For instance, a parliamentary question to the Minister responsible may be raised. There could be a debate and possibly a motion when the speech from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is being debated after the opening of parliament. Such procedures do have the effect of drawing the attention of the relevant Minister or the public but their effectiveness depends largely on the receptiveness of the Minister and his response to public o pinion. The parent Act may require regulations or rules made under it to be laid before the legislation subject to a negative resolution, there is rules are effective unless there is a negative resolution passed by the legislature. Any member may move a prayer to annual the regulations or rules so laid. But if the legislature takes no action, silence is deemed consent. For example, section 8 of the Subordinate Courts Rules Act 1955 ( Revised 1971) requires all rules made by the Subordinate Courts Rules Committee be laid before the Dewan Rakyat as soon as possible, if at the following meeting of the Dewan Rakyat after such rules have been laid, a resolution annulling them is passed, they will become void. A similar provision also exists in the Courts of judicature Act (Revised 1972). Section 16(2) reads: â€Å" Rules of court shall be laid before the Dewan Rakyat at the first meeting after their publication, and may be disapproved in whole or in part by a resolution of the Dewan Rakyat.† In contrast to the negative resolution procedure, a parent Act may require rules or regulations made there under to be laid before the legislature subject to an affirmative resolution. Unless such a resolution procedure is a more effective method of parliamentary control but it is rarely prescribed by the parent Act because it will take up parliamentary time.